Pfizer Essay

Pfizer has new technology that helps to access the system easily. They have a smart card consisting of proximity device so that as a person walks near a computer, there is a signal emitted by smart card which verifies you. There is use of pin number so that no one can use another persons card and pin number is used in other parts of the company such as making charges at cafeteria and accessing the building physically. When Pfizer is deploying information system, they take their time to cooperate with people who do business in order to know the risks involved in storing and transferring information. They do not under protect information or overprotect it. Business can be impeded by overprotecting information which can make security be thrown out. They partner with information technology and business in order to protect business, offer quality products and services and make profit. (Betancourt, 2002 pp19-21). Describing policies and measures used by Pfizer to ensure confidentiality, availability and reliability of data and information Confidentiality of data is ensured through a system that employs cryptography such as public key and symmetric key in order to encrypt and decrypt information and data. There is an entity that reads sensitive information and data and the key represents a secret property. To ensure availability of data and information Pfizer has prescription coverage to ensure access to its medicines that are new and widely prescribed. Through number 866 706 2400, there are live operators to guide patients according to their needs and the programs for public assistance according to medical needs and income. The reported outcome of patient’s measures determines how treatment of a disease affects patients. To ensure there are results that are useful clinically data gathered must use reliable cognitive psychology, clinician and patient input. This is done by determining the purpose of patient reported outcome in order to demonstrate its reliability. (Nurss, 1998 pp11-12). How Pfizer organization protect loss of data In order to avoid loss of data, Pfizer protects privacy of information collected from external organizations through online opportunity process of submission which supplements privacy policy of Pfizer which can also apply to personal data and identifiable information. For Pfizer to ensure personal data is secure, it uses data customary that protects electronic and manual processing. Security technology in online opportunity ensures securities that avoid loss of data, misuse of data, unauthorized disclosure, destruction and alteration of data. Steps taken to ensure data remain accessible in event of catastrophic event such as fire and other natural disaster Actions are taken to lower exposure to risk arising from hazard to safeguard development efforts. Developing systems for early warning helps in reducing risks and having capabilities to respond to catastrophic events. Disaster recovery is used in recovering information in event of catastrophe. Disaster recovery planning is devoted to prepare for action to respond to catastrophic event. Assessment in disaster recovery is simulating catastrophic event and planning for disaster recovery in order to have recovery need that are specified. Plan for disaster recovery state duration the recovery should take and the state of data expected by the users and management need to be informed all the time of these specifications which are substantiate by recovery assessment. Things I think Pfizer could do to further enhance information security  There should be enough circulating space inside the organization so that staff can move around freely without use of lifts. Employees should avoid calling their colleagues using phones but instead use face to face communication about information concerning the organization and cellular office space should help to make communication easy. Government should take action to develop mechanisms for sharing information with private sector by engaging private sector actively in determining requirement of information and having a partnership that is based on trust. ( Parker, 1996 pp21-23).

Barriers of Communication Essay

Everyone has experienced, at one time or another frustration of feeling misunderstood and being unable to make us understood by others. Communication should be simple but is often difficult because people tend to create barriers. Barriers often lead to your message becoming unclear and confusing to others. For communication to become more effective one has to overcoming these barriers to send a clear message. Cultural Differences can be a barrier to communication because of the variations between cultures and the different background, beliefs and opinions of others. Some people may think your being racist because of the way you speak to them and if you argue back to them about their opinions and beliefs, they may get offended. Cultural Differences can also be the way people dress, their religions, interests and the kind of food they may eat. Read more:  Identify different reasons why people communicate  essay Also certain hand gestures in America may have different meaning in other countries which could distort your message. A way to overcome this barrier is to respect other people’s opinions and beliefs and to educate yourself. Foreign languages are also barriers to communicate because you might attempt to speak to someone in English but the other person may speak Spanish. You wouldn’t be able to communicate with them due to the language you speak. A way to overcome this barrier would be attempting to use the other individual’s preferred spoken language to communicate or get an interpreter to help you. One barrier of communication can be the surroundings of which the communication is going to take place. The space of which the communication is being held is very important, as it is vital that all people communicating can see one another’s facial expressions. Since we spend more time hitting the letters on a keypad than actually participating in face-to-face communication it is important to try and overcome this barrier when possible. For example when you’re having a conversation with another via text messaging or emails it is very easy for the message to be misinterpreted because emotions are sometimes hardier to decipher. A lot of communication is based on body language when talking face to face. When we communicate things that we care about, we do so mainly using nonverbal signals. Wordless communication, or body language, includes facial expressions, body movement and gestures, eye contact, posture, and the tone of your voice. By texting and emailing this barrier is created and confusion can happen. So, if it is an important conversation or an important message to relay to another person it is best to talk to them face to face. This would lower ones chances of distorting the message or creating more problems because of a distorted message. Identify the barriers that you put up can help you overcome them and communicate better with others. Effective communication helps us better understand a person or situation and enables us to resolve differences. By learning these effective communication skills, you can better connect with your spouse, kids, friends, and coworkers. References MUSCARELLO, P. (2012). Breaking the Communication Barrier. Business Officer, 46(1), 11-13.

Personal issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal issue - Essay Example issue of such a sleep problem as insomnia, for it relates to me extremely directly for a long time, and I believe I know the true reason of its occurrence, but let’s see am I right or not. Insomnia is the most frequent manifestation of a temporary malfunction of the nervous system in response to various stressors. There is no specific nature of insomnia appearance, as in different cases it can peer out in different ways. â€Å"While theres no standard definition for insomnia, suggested criteria include taking more than 30 minutes to fall asleep, waking up too early, or sleeping less than 6 1/2 hours a night...† (Beals). This is three types of the disease. Many factors may cause the problem including chronic disease of different kinds, overwork, overexcitement, and all this is worsened by unhealthy lifestyle, negative attitudes towards the world and people on the whole, and oneself in particular. If to cast a bit detailed glance at seeds of insomnia, the most frequent among them are psychological problems, violation of the usual regime, as well as other diseases (heart, liver, etc.), or the use of psychotropic drugs, alcohol, or a cup of strong coffee before goi ng to sleep, overeating in the evening hours, especially junk greasy food. Insomnia can be affected by intense mental work, noisy games, compulsive reading at bedtime or even smoking. It also occurs in the cases of constant expectation of poor sleep and related experiences, as well as can be a result of insufficient physical activity. The specific side of the disease is connected with the fact that â€Å"Although many patients can link the start of their insomnia to a particular cause, others have a form of insomnia with no underlying connection to another disorder† (The New York Times). In such a case there is a need of seeking medical advice if a sleep is not normalized in short terms. Depending on duration of disturbance, there are three forms or phases of insomnia, namely: a transient or episodic one

Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Writer's choice - Essay Example 36).1 This paper explores the development of the slavery system in the New York colonies and compares it to that in the Southern colonies. Slavery in New York dates back to the period between 1626 and 1827. Although it is not mentioned in many historical books and other slavery materials, slavery greatly contributed to the development of the NY City. The same case was copied by the southern colonies, Manhattan. Unlike in the Northern colonies, the Southern ones appeared to be more brutal in its dealings with the slaves. This is attributed to the load of work that existed in the Southern states. They relied on them in entirety in their day-to-day operations. Both the Dutch and the New Yorkers saw the Africans and the black Americans as the group fit to be slaves despite the society having had other more marginalized groups based on religion and race, even though they demonstrated in their slavery life to free themselves. The African Burial Ground is a landmark located in Manhattan. This is the place where the death victims of slavery, mostly Africans, were buried. It was discovered in 1991 during the construction of the New Federal Office Building. Over 400 dead Africans were buried here following loss of lives in the hands of the Dutch colonizers (Jones, 2009).2 This is a clear indication of the mistreatment the slaves received in the Southern colonies which amounted to in-human treatments of being man-handled ‘The graves revealed to New Yorkers and the nation an aspect of history long hidden: the large numbers of enslaved African and African American men, women, and children who laboured to create colonial Manhattan’ (Harris, 2004, p. 14). Unlike the New York colonizers, the southern colonies viewed black slaves as vessels meant to serve them the way they desired. Therefore, they cared less about their lives, and if a

Strategic Analysis and Chance to Choose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6750 words

Strategic Analysis and Chance to Choose - Essay Example Michael Porter (1985) further proposed that organisations pursingpursuing both cost leadership and differentiation strategies have in fact no competitive edge at all. and Rather, he asserts they are in fact "'stuck in the middle"' between both cost leadership and differentiation strategies resulting inwith no clear strategy for competitive advantage. Although I have chosenWhile the two chosen organisations within my industry I feel meet the criteria for this report, one organisation following cost leadership strategy whilst and the other following differentiation strategy, I feel somewhat reluctant to agree that an organisations within today's business environment are arguably not entirely restricted by Michaels Porter's proposed strategies on competitive advantage. The two organisations chosen for this report compete within the computer aided manufacturing software industry. EdgeCAM by its name is developed and distributed directly by Pathtrace Limited and is a third generation computer aided and manufacturing software package., its counter part within competitive analysis is SolidCAM is also computer aided manufacturing (CAM) solution. Porter proposed that along with cost leadership and ... of Ccost leadership, differentiation and focus organisations strategies can achieve competitive advantage for an organisation, according to Porter. Organisations following cost leadership strategy typically involve are companiey's engaged inthat delivering their product(s) and at the lowest quality level acceptable by to buyers that will lead them to cost advantage over their competitors. Cost leadership is more about how the company can leverage its product within its market through effective ongoing cost efficiencies within the organisation, backed-up by strong management concentrating on fully utilising the company'sir resources to their fullest. In contrast, organisations following a differentiation strategy seemingly are willing to actually add costs in order to increase'add' the value through by which they differentiateing their products. that will appeal to given series of buyers within the market. This could in fact be throughSuch cost increases could be aimed at achieving superior quality or performance of the product, or less intangible items like post-after sales service. Porter's differentiation strategy in similar respects followsis similar to branding strategy in which the strategythat relies on promoting 'distinctive' brand elements of the product. (Kotler P and Keller K, Marketing Management P.296) Porters also proposed a third strategy of called focus. Thise theory behind this isholds that customers have very different products or service needs, and therefore can be grouped together to form narrow niches within the industry. These segments or groups are then targeted in a. Unlike cost and differentiation strategies the focus strategies is similar manner to the

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 5

Management - Essay Example A similar pattern of social influence was also reported by those who were identified as in-group members and as protà ©gà ©s. In-group members and mentored individuals reported greater use of expert and referent power than out-group members and non-mentored people. Further, out-group members and non-mentored individuals both reported a greater use of coercive power than did in-group members and protà ©gà ©s. Research interest in mentor/protà ©gà © relationships developed during the 1980s. It arose largely without articulated conceptual links to other topics in social/organizational psychology such as leadership, social influence, pro-social behavior, or social exchange. The first studies of this developmental relationship were descriptive and exploratory, such as Krams early research (2003) which identified two functions that mentors provide their protà ©gà ©s: career and psychosocial. More recent research (Noe, 1998a, 458) has examined the process and outcome of formal assigned mentor-protà ©gà © pairings and, in particular, the difference in outcomes between formal and naturally developing informal mentoring relationships (Chao, Walz, & Gardner, 2002, 619). Noe (1998b, 68) reviewed work on mentoring as it pertains to womens career development. He recommended clarifying the nature of the mentoring construct, suggesting several research questions about the development and effectiveness of these relationships. Noe also stated that "the use of leader-member exchange theory may further understanding of the dynamics involved in the formation of mentorships" (p. 73). Consistent with Noes recommendations, the present study was designed to investigate the convergence of mentoring relationships with another construct in social/organizational psychology: high-quality leader-member exchange (LMX). To explore the convergence of LMX and mentoring, we propose that

The promotional strategy of British Airways Coursework

The promotional strategy of British Airways - Coursework Example This research will begin with the statement that the airline sector is a large form of mass travel in the global transportation network. The sector in general involves the organisation of people, airlines, equipment and buildings for transporting mail, freight and passengers to various parts of the world. International air travel is so extensive that it is possible to reach almost any major city in less than a day. Different airline companies deal with different types of cargo, for example companies like British Airways specialise in the transportation of people. This has been by far the largest source of revenue for airlines since the second half of the twentieth century. The different airline companies battle against each other by offering attractive fares and specialised discounts. The passenger services usually offer two areas of travel, first class or coach, first class being more favourable due to comfortable seating arrangements, more elaborate meals and usually more flight pe rsonnel on hand. The coach service is cheaper with a slightly more crowded atmosphere. Other services include the transportation of mail, and freight services. This method of transporting goods is quicker than the old methods of using trains or boats. The current structure of the airline sector is fairly composite. There are many markets, all of which host two main dimensions, product and geographic. The product of which being the passenger, and the geographic being the destination. At all levels, it shows characteristics of oligopoly and competition; however, there is very little evidence to show that the airline industry is a natural monopoly, where one firm stands out from the rest. The characteristics of the industry show that there are few firms, a substantial market share and high barriers of entry, all of which indicate the sector as an oligopoly market structure. So much so that the leading four firms, United Air Lines, American Airlines, Delta and Northwest, make up 64% of the market share. As these companies make up such a high percentage, it makes the industry highly concentrated, meaning that merges are becoming more and more common. This means that the market concentration will increase in the future (Blythe 2005 p 15). Literature review British Airways: Company Profile: British Airways is the biggest world wide passenger airline. The main activities of British Airways and its subsidiary undertakings are the operation of international as well as domestic planned and charter air services for the safe and comfortable transportation of passengers, freight and mail as well as the prerequisite of additional services. The Airline had a total of 373 aircraft in operation as of September 30, 2001 (Proctor 2000 p 56). A total number of employees about 50,000 and a route network comprised of 150 destinations in 72 countries. Its fleet is composed of more than 350 aircrafts. BA is the airline company with the most flights from Europe to North America in the world (Peter 2006 p 90). BA was formed in 1973, as the outcome of the merger between State-owned

Macroeconomics. The financial elements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Macroeconomics. The financial elements - Essay Example If everybody in the population starts saving the money, then ideally that should result in an overall higher levels of savings. But John Maynard Keynes, the famous economist, studied this very aspect of thrift and pointed out an interesting paradox. Keynes inferred that if everyone starts saving during times of recession then that would result in falling of the aggregate demand, which in turn will result in lowering the value of total savings in the population and leads to fall in economic growth. He meant to say that thrift is virtuous only up to a limit. The paradox is that an increase in saving, which is a recommended microeconomic strategy when individuals encounter problems, is not the best macroeconomic course of action for the aggregate economy1. Therefore, when people try to increase their savings, it may lead to decrease in the levels of autonomous consumption which in turn will decrease the equilibrium income, thus decreasing the induced savings. This way the two components of the savings tend to cancel out each other, implying that even though people tried to increase their savings, the result happened to be a drop in equilibrium income and a 'no change' in savings. That means trying to save more doesn't necessarily result in more saving. It results, instead, in less income out of which to save. Some of the steps involved in this situation and the effects that a chain reaction sets out after such a paradox are; Everybody starts saving his money without spending any of their income. The markets remain idle, as there are no customers and nothing is being sold. Since nothing is being sold, the shop owner starts feeling the pinch and fires his sales-boys and sales-girls. Gradually everyone loses their job. Similarly the production of goods also comes to a halt, and there too employees start loosing their jobs. There is no income as such And since there's no income there is no saving as well. That effectively results in zero savings. This is what John Maynard Keynes studied and objected to. This can further be demonstrated with the help of the Injections-Leakages Model diagrams as shown in the following figures; Fig: The Injections-Leakages Model The two figures shown here depict the paradox of thrift in a convincing manner. For example, if to start with the saving line indicated by 'S' has a positive slope showing gradual increase in savings from a negative saving figure (i.e. expenditure) to a positive saving figure, then the equilibrium of production is achieved by a production of $12 trillion i.e. at the intersection of S and I. Now, anticipating an impending recession, the community (or group of consumers) start increasing their levels of saving i.e. they are now little more on the thrifty side, by curtailing their expenditure plans. Therefore, the community is able to save an amount of $1 trillion more (see fig-2). The saving line is shifted upward and so the point of equilibrium is also shifted. The new saving line intersects original investment line at $8 trillion of aggregate production. This new equilibrium is therefore $4 trillion less than the original equilibrium. As compared to an increase in net saving by $1 tr illion, there is a

Integrated Marketing Communications Plan Assignment

Integrated Marketing Communications Plan - Assignment Example Besides food, gift items are also sold by the business to the customers for their special occasions. It is essential for every business to market their products in order to boost sales. Marketing is vital for creating customer awareness and to pull the customers towards the commodity (Armstrong & Kotler 2005, pp.10). Strategies and Tactics Market Segmentation The primary target audiences of Ann’s Pantry are the families who belong to the elite class who can visit the place for recreational purposes and for celebrations such as private parties. The secondary target audience of Ann’s Pantry is the youth who belong to the upper class and those who can spend money on parties. The youth love to party and especially at places which have good scenic beauty and attractions. The main attractions of Moelfre need to be communicated to the people to increase demand. These include coastal footpath, Royal Charter and Moelfre lifeboat which the people can enjoy (Kashani, et.al. 1999, pp. 10). Characteristics The characteristics of the audience are that they belong to elite class, they live a lavish lifestyle and they like to try new things. These people love to enjoy during their spare time for which they are also willing to spend heavy amounts. The characteristics of the primary market differ from the secondary market because of the lifestyles since the youth are more fun loving, their choice of food and music and style of arranging parties differ from families. Benefits 1. A variety of foods is offered at Ann’s Pantry 2. People can also arrange parties; however, due to issues with regards to space, only thirty people can be adjusted at one time. 3. The quality of food is very good because of quality of raw materials used. 4. The three main attractions at Moelfre include coastal footpath, Royal Charter and Moelfre lifeboat. Goals and Objectives To make Ann’s Pantry successful, certain communication goals and objectives have been planned for three years. These goals are realistic which means that they are rational and they can be achieved within the time period of three years that have been defined. 1. Brand Awareness - Since Ann’s Pantry s located in a village, therefore, awareness with regards to the brand needs to be created. This is important because customers should know about it for them to visit the place (Dunbar & McDonald 2004, pp. 200). 2. Consumer Attitude - It is essential for the customers to develop positive attitude towards Ann’s Pantry and this is because this will enable them to spread good thing about it through word of mouth which will increase sales in the long-run. 3. Consumer Satisfaction - When customers visit Ann’s Pantry, it must be ensured that they are fully satisfied. A customer who is dissatisfied is more prone to spread negativity of the business which creates a negative image of the business. 4. Market Share - The aim should be to double the market share within three years, and for this, customer awareness must be improved and their level of satisfaction must be enhanced (Barker 2008, pp. 150). 5. Sales and Profit - Increasing market share by double digits will increase sales and profits too. Proposed IMC Program Promotional Tools In order to communicate the message and to involve the primary and the secondary customers, the online promotional tools which will be used by Ann’s Pantry that include the following. 1. Contest –

Research Report - Media futures and new technologies Essay

Research Report - Media futures and new technologies - Essay Example This examination considers the element pressure between media advances and the different social drives that have molded development and utilization in the media journalism industry. At long last, study of a few ways that technology matters is carried out. It serves to shape parts of social life and finish up by concentrating on select new media issues. Every medium has it mechanical capacities that influence the conveyance of content, sound, and visual pictures. Case in point, a music show performed by one of the most loved specialists could be telecast live by a radio station; would hear the sound however not the capacity to see the entertainers. A magazine could print a tale about the show and give photos to demonstrate what the occasion looked like, however just afterward and without sound. A television system could convey live sound and feature; however any content conveyance would be ungainly, maybe constrained to a scrolling "creep" at the lowest part of the screen. A television would likewise have sound and feature, yet it would be accessible just well after the first show date. The Internet is novel capable of serving as an advanced stage that empowers these gimmicks print, sound, still photographs, and feature and do it live. Furthermore, those viewing the streamed show online could speak with other music fans through tex ting or tweets. It is presenting a type of intelligence that is unrealistic with television forms of the media industry. The innovative impediments of every medium set the parameters for the utilization. With digitization, however, distinctive media united to a solitary advanced multimedia, making a few refinements less clear. The Internet whether got to through machine, cell phone, or amusement support is a bland stage of machine systems that considers the conveyance of all manifestations of media. Media, before the ascent of the Internet, can be considered fitting in with the time of

A perspective on charity in the gospel of wealth a book by andrew carnegie Essay Example for Free

A perspective on charity in the gospel of wealth a book by andrew carnegie Essay Andrew Carnegie, who wrote The Gospel of Wealth, had a particular view on how society should correctly work. He believed that with the wealth of millionaires, that he could recreate society to think of the rich as â€Å"trustees† to provide money to the poor. Carnegie gave away most of his capital to projects he thought that benefitted the community. He built over 2,500 libraries, endowed many parks, and he even gave money to universities and other foundations he thought would â€Å"improve the race. †Ã‚   Although I respect what Carnegie did for our culture, if I were a billionaire, I would pay more attention to the dire needs of the poor because I believe that this kind of giving contributes more to the common good. Within the first few paragraphs of The Gospel of Wealth, Carnegie summarizes that throughout time, things have been revolutionized for the better and have created a better community for the world, but the problem seems to be the proper administration of capital, so that the ties between the rich and poor can continue in a balanced manner. Because of the wealth administration problem, the gap that has been made between the rich and poor has created a lot of tension between the two classes. Carnegie noticed, â€Å"The contrast between the palace of the millionaire and the cottage of the laborer with us to-day measures the change which has come with civilization† (486). While we humans owe the progress of material conditions to manufacturing and improvements, it has created a market for competition. From competition, inequality rises and Carnegie believes only talented men can rise above everyone else and make more capital. However, men who have the talent to make large amounts o f money can be the benefactors of society. This is where Carnegie notes that if they have a lot of money they don’t know what to do with, it can be used for the well-being of the race. Carnegie’s main focus was to solve the problem of how to administer money for the common good. He believed in helping mankind progress through philanthropy. Carnegie thought of three ways to distribute his surplus money: â€Å" It can be left to the families of the descendants, or it can be bequeathed for public purposes; or, finally, it can be administered during their lives by its possessors† (489). The amount of poverty in the world is constantly on the rise. While communism was all for equality, it wanted to change human nature. However, Carnegie believed, â€Å" It is criminal to waste our energies in endeavoring to uproot when all we can profitably or possibly accomplish is to bend the universal tree of humanity a little in the direction most favorable to the production of good fruit under existing circumstances† (489). With almost unlimited wealth, Carnegie can be seen as generous because he built many libraries. However, the conditions he created for his workers were not ideal. In an article, Was Andrew Carnegie Generous? written by Daniel Putman, Carnegie is criticized as not being fair to his workers, but his help among the world outweighs his worker’s conditions. For example, Putman states, â€Å"Utilitarians may well rejoice at the results of what Andrew Carnegie did and it is quite likely that the good he did over time outweighs what his workers had to experience. But Carnegies generosity is tempered not by his lack of genuine motivation, nor by his attitude toward workers, but by the very specific fact that much of what he gave away was not his to give†. In fact, Carnegie’s wealth was only capable for him to achieve before the Roosevelt/Wilson reforms. While Carnegie had dreams of creating a better society and providing culture to all, his confidence in poor people was slim and he once said, â€Å"the man of wealth thus becoming the mere agent and trustee for his poorer brethren, bringing to their service his superior wisdom, experience, and ability to administer, doing for them better than they would or could do for themselves† (493). I agree with Carnegie’s basic idea to create a better society by administering wealth among everyone, but I believe the money should be distributed to poorer people and their needs. For example, I would imitate many billionaires such as Warren Buffett, Bill Gates and Melinda Gates, have paired up within the past few years to give away half of their fortunes to charitable causes either during their lifetimes or in their will. If I had their money, I would consider doing the same thing they are doing: The Giving Pledge (created by the three billionaires mentioned above), has helped with n umerous amounts of issues that plague today’s world. They have worked with providing vaccines, schools and even hospitals to those in South Africa who cannot afford to provide those things to their families. Another example of a charity I would donate to is ‘GiveDirectly’. The point of this charity is to give money to poor people in Kenya with no strings attached. It’s a simple charity because it’s economics 101: poor people will know what they need and if they’re given the money for it, they will most likely go out and buy it. This is an example of how when poor people are given a little help, they are most likely going to succeed by using that money as an investment in themselves. Heifer International is also another example of charity that I would donate too. In African countries, Heifer gives animals to poor families so they provide food and reliable income. They can collect dairy products such as milk, eggs and honey which can be traded or sold at a market. This sustainable income allows for families to build schools, agricultural opportunities and forms a community saving that funds small businesses. Although one can appreciate what Carnegie has done for the world by building libraries and such, he did not address providing needs for poor people other than if he gave them money, they would most likely not use it to leverage themselves in society. In today’s world, Carnegie’s ideas might look generous on paper, but there are other direct issues that need to be dealt with harshly. Many millionaires have pledged or have already spent billions in trying to provide basic needs to poor people of almost every country by building schools and providing medical assistance. Other charities have given the resources needed to help poor people. These charities allow open doors for individuals and communities who are struggling to get their foot in the door to help themselves. Charity is a just a small lending hand that gives poor people leverage as well as creating new opportunities that contribute to the common good. Works Cited Carnegie, Andrew. The Gospel of Wealth. A World of Ideas: Essential Readings for College   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Writers. Ed.   Lee A. Jacobus. Boston: Bedford, 2013. 485-495.   Print. Putman, D. (2010).   WAS ANDREW CARNEGIE GENEROUS? THING, 9(26), 91-98. â€Å"World Hunger and Poverty Heifer Mission.† World Hunger and Poverty Heifer Mission. Np., n.d. Web. 12 May 2016.

Case Study Food Restaurant Management Marketing Essay

Case Study Food Restaurant Management Marketing Essay Jack Sprat is the owner of seafood restaurant in a coastal town. He is 63 year old and doctor has advised him to take rest so he had appointed a Manager to look after the business operations and he use to come to see the business once in a week. But once he handed over the business to the manager his business is not doing well and there is continuous decline in the business. So in order to find remedy owner has approached to the investigator to analyse the case and suggest as what should be done to bring back the business of the restaurant. The investigator has analyzed the business with the tools of business (case) analysis-SWOT and further financial data has also been taken into consideration to find out the declining trend and come to a conclusion as why business is going down. In order to evaluate the business operation and put the findings in the report the investigator has done extensive research-secondary research and analysed the case with his valuable suggestions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The investigator would like to convey his gratitude to those entire people who helped him to enhance his understanding of the case and analyzed the situation so that a valid conclusion of the case can be drawn. The investigator has completed this case successfully and has presented his findings with suggestion in this report. So author would like to thank the Module tutor for kind support and guidance. INTRODUCTION Jack Sprat is 63 year old owner of 60 seat licensed seafood restaurant that is situated in a coastal town. Before starting this business Jack was simply a Manager at a local Bluebeckers Restaurant. But an inheritance left this restaurant to him. Since the opening of this restaurant business it has given very good return. The belief of Jack towards success of this business is the Maintenance of high standards in food production and presentation. Other fact is Menu and beverage list has been fairly constant since beginning of this restaurant. Jack did not change menu and beverage list because business was giving modest return since beginning. But jack is not regular to the restaurant so he has appointed a Manager to manage the business operation and he used to come to the restaurant to see the business operation once in a week. This is because at this age (63) he has been suffering from health problem and his doctor has advised him to take rest. But business of this restaurant has gone down as soon as it was handed over to the manager. Absenteeism of the staff has increased. Keeping in mind the remedy of the situation author has established aim and objectives of this report, here are the aim and objectives written in detail: Aim of this report is to find remedy of the existing problem or discrepancies of the restaurant and give valuable suggestions to overcome from these problems so that business can be put on its old pattern-profitable. Objectives are: Finding most important problems Identification of further information that would be helpful in making realistic plans for the future of the business To list the priorities Drawing an action Plan The structure of this report is as follows: First of all main body has been presented wherein SWOT other detailed analysis has been done. Then conclusion has been drawn and bibliography (list of references) has been given followed by appendix section where additional information has been provided. MAIN SECTION Before providing solution of anything one has to find the problems first. So to find problems related to Jack Spart business the investigator has conducted SWOT analysis and financial analysis. Before going for the SWOT analysis of the business concerned it is important to understand SWOT first. SWOT ANALYSIS is the detailed search and listing of factors from situational analysis that might or will impact the businesss strategy. Strategic marketing is based on the SWOT analysis. The process by which SWOT factors are derived is to carefully review the internal analysis for strengths and weaknesses, and the environmental analysis for opportunities and threats, and to then record. (Reich, Z.A, 1997) According to Morrison, J (2002) The SWOT analysis is a commonly used planning tool, which assesses the firms strategic profile in terms of its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Focusing on both internal and external environments, it serves to highlight a firms distinctive competences, which will enable it to gain competitive advantage. Based on the above information from the scholars it is true that business environment can be divided into two part-internal and external environments. Internal environment consists of all factors that are internal part of the business. These internal factors are within the control of the business. Strength and Weaknesses of the business can be found in the internal environment of the business. External factors are those factors which are not within the control of the business and to be into existence business houses have to change in internal policy and adjust itself to cope with the external environment factors. Opportunities and Threats are the factors that are part of external environment of a business. For SWOT analysis please refer to appendix1..SWOT ANALYSIS.docx FINANCIAL ANALYSIS REVENUE (SALES) POINT OF VIEW: Food sales has increased in 2007-8 by 4.3% compared to 2006-7, and it has gone down in the financial year 2008-9 by 3.95% compared to 2007-8 sales of food. Liquor Sales has increased in 2007-8 by 5.97% compared to 2006-7 and further it increase by 15.59% in the year 2008-9 compared to 2007-8. Overall Total Sales has been increasing in the financial year by 4.67% in the financial year 2007-8 compared to 2006-7, and further increased by 6.57% in the financial year 2008-9 compared to 2007-8. DIRECT COST POINT OF VIEW: In the financial year 2006-7 food cost was 42.05% of its sales and in 2007-8 it became little favorable by going down to 41.16% of its sales figure and in the year 2008-9 in again gone up to 43.63% Direct cost of Liquor is 59.72% of its sales in the financial year 2006-7, and 57.70% in 2007-8 and further 57.91% in 2008-9. So its favorable as it is in declining trend. Total direct cost is 54.01%, 55.11% and 52.88% in the financial year 2006-7, 7-8, and 2008-9 respectively which also seems favorable because in 2007-8 it gone little up but again it gone down by good margin-around 2 to 3% GROSS PROFIT POINT OF VIEW: Gross profit of food is 57.95%, 58.84% and 56.37% in the financial year 2006-7, 7-8, 8-9. This shows increase in 2007-8 and further decline in 2008-9. Gross profit of Liquor is 40.28%, 42.30% and 42.09% in the financial year 2006-7, 2007-8, and 2008-9 respectively. Overall it is in favorable trend. Gross profit in the financial year 2006-7 is 54.01%, 55.11% in 2007-8 and 52.88% in 2008-9 which seems declining trend. In the year 2007-8 it gone up but in 208-9 it came down. This is because there was declining of sales of food in the financial year 2008-9 by 3.95%, otherwise sale of liquor in this financial year was good and direct costs were also behaving favorably. INDIRECT EXPENSES POINT OF VIEW: There are three component of indirect expenses-labour, overheads and operating expenses and maintenance expenses. Amount spent in labour is in increasing order i.e., 29.76%, 31.51% and 33.21% in the year 6-7, 7-8, and 2008-9 respectively. This shows restaurant is spending more % every year in its staffing. Overheads and operating expenses seems within control as its 8.78%, 7.21% and 8.36% in the year 2006-7, 2007-8, and 2008-9 respectively. Maintenance expenses is 1.61% of sales in the financial year 2006-7, 1.40% in the financial year 2007-8 and 0.91% of sales of financial year 2008-9. This shows that organization is spending very less on maintenance expenses. Overall total indirect expenses is 40.15% of its sales in the financial year 2006-7, 40.12% in 2007-08 and gone up in the financial year 2008-9 to 42.48% NET PROFIT POINT OF VIEW: Net profit is 13.86%, 14.99% and 10.40% in the financial years 2006-7, 7-8, and 8-9 respectively. This shows that Net profit has going down, and in the financial year it has gone down with huge gap compared to previous years percentage. Overall its a matter of discussion and management should pay attention to the indirect costs as percentage of indirect cost is very high. As gross profit is in 50% so almost 40% of sales are being spent for indirect expenses. Although management is not spending much in maintenance component of indirect expenses but other components i.e., overhead and operating expense, and payroll expenses are very high that is the reason Net profit of the restaurant is not attractive. For further information please refer to financial ratios table in appendix2..FINANCIAL ANALYSIS.docx Aim and objective No.1: Finding important problems: Operational System A sales forecast is a prediction based on past sales performance and an analysis of expected market conditions. The true value in making a forecast is that it forces us to look at the future objectively. The hotel can takes note of the past and stay aware of the present and precisely analyzes that information to see into the future. It will also help the hotel to establish policies so that one can easily monitor prices and operating costs to guarantee profits, and make one aware of minor problems before they become major problems. Employee Morale Employee morale describes the overall outlook, attitude, satisfaction, and confidence that employees feel at work. When employees are positive about their work environment and believe that they can meet their most important needs at work, employee morale is positive or high which can lead to better service and customer retention. Since there is an increase in absenteeism in restaurant employee morale can be increased by treating employees with respect, recognition and empowering them. Menu choice is stale and boring Redesign menu to increase the average spend of the hotel customers, correctly categorize the items on the menu, improve the food presentation, increase food and beverage cost and thereby increase sales at the same time. Maintenance and Hygiene problem The organization is spending very less on maintenance expenses. In any food establishments, food handlers are either the first line of defense or the cause for the need for defense. This is because most types of foods can be contaminated and it is the responsibility of the food handler to ensure the safety of the consumers by eliminating or minimizing the contamination to safer levels for consumption.   The restaurant needs to have rules and procedures in place to ensure that Personal Hygiene is effectively managed. Aim and objective No.2: Identification of further information that would be helpful in making realistic plans for the future of the business: Information needed towards market segmentation-target market: Information to the case is very important to analyze any businesss health or problem. It is equally important like medical tests are important for human body for remedy of any kind of complain of a patient. There are other tests or scanning is needed for business analysis. Market segmentation is one of them. Market segmentation: market consists of buyers who differ in one or more ways. They may differ in their wants, resources, locations, buying attitudes and buying practices. Because buyers have unique needs and wants, each buyer is potentially a separate market. Ideally, then a seller might design a separate marketing program for each buyer. For example a caterer can customize the menu, entertainment, and the setting to meet the needs of specific clients. However, most companies are unable to offer complete segmentation. The cost of complete segmentation is high and most customers cannot afford completely customized products. Companies therefore, look for broad class of buyers who differ in their product needs or buying responses. The restaurant industry offers many examples of segmentation by a variety of variables. (kotler,p 2004) The reason why knowledge of market segmentation is needed because until unless it is not known that which segment is being targeted by the organization concerned (in this case Restaurant of Jack Sprat), it would be very difficult to compare the strength of that segment for the business. In this case it is not given in the case so its important to analyse this business from its segment point of view. Information Needed for competitors analysis: To get success of the business its needed to deal with customers, suppliers, employees, and others. In almost all cases there will also be other organizations offering similar products to similar customers. These other organizations are competitors. Objective of the other organizations is the same as yours to grow, make money and succeed. Effectively, the businesses are at war fighting to gain the same resource and territory; the customer. And like in war, it is necessary to understand the enemy: How he thinks; What his strengths are; What his weaknesses are; Where he can be attacked; Where the risk of attack is too greatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. And so on. And like in war, the competitor will have secrets that can be the difference between profit and loss, expansion or bankruptcy for the business. Identifying these secrets is thus crucial for business survival. (http://dspace.dial.pipex.com) accessed on 2/01/2011 Other information needed is about its competitors. Information of competitors is very important to know the business of competitors and further business concerned can be compared with the competitors. So competitor analysis is very important. Aim and objective No.3: To list the priorities: First of all instant action should be taken to solve Hygiene problem. Proper forecasting of guests so that underproduction and overproduction both can be kept under control Extra manpower has to be reduced so that there will be less burden on payroll cost Choice of menu has to be increased Manager should be empowered or can be changed (as information is not given properly and in detail so it is impossible to say to change) Somehow owner has to be in touch even over the phone to monitor the business operation and if possible frequency to visit may be increased. Local bank should be approached for short term loan for the refurbishment activities. Aim and objective No.4: Drawing an Action Plan: Action plan is a process that includes assessments of own strengths, available resources and market opportunities. There must be idea about marketing objective of the organization concerned then a plan can be prepared and further implemented to achieve the determined objective. In other words these informations are basic and needed at very first step towards making action plan: Market and trading environment of the business concerned Decision about market business is targeting to Knowledge about differentiation or advantage of uniqueness of own product and services Deciding marketing mix Estimation of Fund etc. ACTION PLAN: PRODUCT: Option in Menu list will be given PRICING : May charge little higher than what has been charging PROMOTION: There is need to promote the product and create awareness to remove the negative image of the organization. So it can be done through normal aids of advertisement-Newspapers or T.V Channels. Through T.V Channels it may be a little costly affair in that point of view daily is better. Other Actions to be taken: It could have opened even on Sunday to attract customers who want to utilize their holidays. So it will be open all 7 days. Funds should be managed instantly- It can be done by approaching Commercial Banks for short term loans. Refurbishment will have to be done as soon as loan is approved. Employees have to be re-motivated so that absenteeism of staff can be kept under control. CONCLUSION The investigator has analysed the case of Jack Sprats restaurant and found that major problem is its hygiene and maintenance and indirect expenses. These two factors have to be kept under control and converted into favorable mode only then this organization can earn profit like previous time. There are other areas also that needs attention i.e., arrangement of fund, manpower management, empowering manager etc. BIBLIOGRAPHY Britton, C and Worthington. I (2003) The Business Environment, 4th Edition, UK:Prentice hall. Hooley.G(2004) Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning, 3rd Edition: UK: Prentice Hall Kotler, P. (2004) Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism, 3rd Edition, Delhi:Person Luck.D and Rubin, S.R (1996) Marketing Research,7th Edition, USA:Prentice hall Morrison, J (2002) The International Business Environment, 1st Edition, New York; Pal Grave. Reich, Z.A (1997) Marketing Management for the Hospitality Industry,1st Edition,: Wiley and Sons Canada. Wearne.N (2001) Hospitality Management, 1st Edition, New Delhi: Global www.netmba.com/strategy/pest/ Accessed on 2/01/2011 http://dspace.dial.pipex.com) Accessed on 2/01/2011 APPENDIX 1 SWOT : Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threat Analysis of Seafood Restaurant Business of Jack Sprat STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES It is an established organization Maintaining high standard in food and presentation Customers feel that restaurant is conveniently placed and charges reasonable price Owner is not able to give full time attention to the business Maintenance and Hygiene problem Menu choice is stale and boring OPPORTUNITIES THREATS Restaurant is old so having established market Market Image is good- reasonable price and consistent standard Dilution of market share due to inability to refurbish Environment Health officer may not be informal in future and there will be time when formal notice will be issued.

Estimating Reservoir Porosity: Probabilistic Neural Network

Estimating Reservoir Porosity: Probabilistic Neural Network Estimation of Reservoir Porosity Using Probabilistic Neural Network Keywords: Porosity Seismic Attributes Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) Highlights: Porosity is estimated from seismicattributes using Probabilistic Neural Networks. Impedance is calculated by using Probabilistic Neural Networks inversion. Multi-regression analysis is used to select input seismic attributes. Abstract Porosity is the most fundamental property of hydrocarbon reservoir. However, the porosity data that come from well log are only available at well points. Therefore, it is necessary to use other methods to estimate reservoir porosity. Interpolation is a simple and widely used method for porosity estimation. However, the accuracy of interpolation method is not satisfactory especially in the place where the numbers of wells are small. Seismic data contain abundant lithology information. There are inherent correlations between reservoir propertyand seismic data. Therefore, it ispossible to estimate reservoir porosity by using seismic data andattributes. Probabilistic Neural Network is a neoteric neuralnetwork modelbased on statistical theory.It is a powerful tool to extract mathematic relation between two data sets. For this case, it has been used to extract the mathematic relation between porosity and seismic attributes. In this study, firstly, a seismic impedance volume is calculated b y seismic inversion. Secondly, several appropriate seismic attributes are extracted by using multi-regression analysis. Then, a Probabilistic Neural Network model is trained to obtain mathematic relation between porosity and seismic attributes. Finally, this trained Probabilistic Neural Network model is applied to calculate a porosity data volume. This methodology could be used to find advantageous areas at the early stage of exploration. And it is also helpful for the establishment of reservoir model at the stage of reservoir development. 1. Introduction In recent years, clear advances have been made in the study and application of intelligent systems. Intelligent system is a powerful tool to extract quantitative formulation between two data sets and has begun to be applied to the petroleum industry (Asoodeh and Bagheripour, 2014; Tahmasebi and Hezarkhani, 2012; Karimpouli et al., 2010; Chithra Chakra et al., 2013). There are inherent correlations between reservoir properties and seismic attributes (Iturrarà ¡n-Viveros and Parra, 2014; Yao and Journel, 2000). Therefore, it ispossible to estimate reservoir porosities by using seismic data and attributes. Previous studies have proved that it is feasible to estimate reservoir porosity by using statistical methods and intelligent systems (Na’imi et al., 2014; Iturrarà ¡n-Viveros, 2012; Leite and Vidal, 2011). Probabilistic NeuralNetwork (PNN) is a neoteric neural network model based on statistical theory. It is essentially a kind of parallel algorithm based on the minimum Bayesian risk criterion (Miguez, 2010). It is unlike traditional multilayer forward network that requires an error back propagation algorithm, but a completely forward calculation process. The training time is shorter and the accuracy is higher than traditional multilayer forward network. It is especially suitable for nonlinear multi attributes analysis. For this case, PNN has good performance on unseen data. In this study, the propounded methodology is applied to estimate the porosity of sandstone reservoir prosperously. 2. Probabilistic Neural Network PNN is a variant of Radial Basis Function networks and approximate Bayesian statistical methods, the combination of new input vectors with the existing data storage to fully classify the input data; a process that similar to human behavior (Parzen, 1962). Probabilistic Neural Network is an alternative type Neural Network (Specht, 1990). It is based on Parzen’s Probabilistic Density Function estimator. PNN is a four-layer feed-forward network, consisting of an input layer, a pattern layer, a summation layer and an output layer (Muniz et al., 2010). Probabilistic NeuralNetwork is actuallya mathematical interpolation method, but it has a structure of neural network. It has better interpolation function than multilayer feed forwardneural network. PNN’s requirement of training data sample is as same as Multilayer Feed Forward Neural Network. It includes a series of training sample sets, and each sample corresponds to the seismic sample in the analysis window of each well. Suppose that there is a data set of n samples, each sample consists of m seismic attributes and one reservoir parameter. Probabilistic Neural Network assumes that each output log value could be expressed as a linear combination of input logging data value (Hampson et al., 2001). The new sample after the attribute combination is expressed as: (1) The new predicted logging values can be expressed as: (2) whereà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡ (3) The unknown quantity D(x, xi) is the â€Å"distance† between input point and each training sample point. This distance is measured by seismic attributes in multidimensional space and it is expressed by the unknown quantity ÏÆ'j. Eq. (1)and Eq. (2) represent the application of Probabilistic Neural Network. The training process includes determining the optimal smoothing parameter set. The goal of the determination on these parameters is to make the validation error minimization. Defining the kth target point validation result as follows: (4) When the sample points are not in the training data, it is the kth target sample prediction value. Therefore, if the sample values are known, we can calculate the prediction error of sample points. Repeat this process for each training sample set, we can define the total prediction error of training data as: à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬(5) The prediction error depends on the choice of parameter ÏÆ'j. This unknown quantity realizes the minimization through nonlinear conjugate gradient algorithm. Validation error, the average error of all excluded wells, is the measure of a possible prediction error in the process of seismic attributes transformation. The trained Probabilistic Neural Network has the characteristics of validation minimum error. The PNN does not require an iterative learning process, which can manage magnitudes of training data faster than other Artificial Neural Network architectures (Muniz et al., 2010). The feature is a result of the Bayesian technique’s behavior (Mantzaris et al., 2011). 3. Methodology The data sets used in this study belong to 8 wells (consisting of W1 to W8) and post-stack 3D seismic data in Songliao Basin, Northeast China. The target stratum is the first member of the Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation that is one of the main reservoirs in this area. In this study, the main contents include seismic impedance inversion, attributes extraction, training and application of PNN model. The flow chart is shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1. The flow chart of this study 3.1 Seismic impedance inversion This section is to calculate a qualified 3D seismic impedance data volume for porosity estimation. The attributes are gathered from both seismic and inversion cube. The phase of input 3D seismic data is close to zero at the target stratum. The data have good quality in the entire time range without noticeable multiple interference. T6 and T5 are the top and bottom of reservoirs, respectively. T6-1 is an intermediate horizon between T6 and T5 (Fig. 2 (b)). This data volume covers an area of approximately 120 km2. The structure form of reservoir in this area is a slope. There are two faults in the up dip direction of slope (Fig. 2 (a)). (a) (b) Fig. 2. (a) T6 horizon display. (b) An arbitrary line from seismic data, line of this section is shown in (a). Seismic datacontain abundant information of lithology andreservoirs property. Through seismic inversion, interface type of seismic datacan beconverted intolithology type of loggingdata, which could be directlycompared withwell logging (Pendrel, 2006). Seismic inversionbased on logging data takes full advantage of large area lateral distribution ofseismic data combined with using the geologicaltheory. It is an effective method to study the distribution anddetailsof reservoirs. PNN inversion is a neoteric seismic wave impedance inversion method. There is mapping relation between synthetic impedance from well log data and seismic traces near well. In PNN inversion method, this mapping relation will be found and a mathematical model will be built up by training. The concrete steps of PNN inversion are as follow (Metzner, 2013): (1). Build up an initial reservoir geological model. The control points of model are defined by a series of different depth, velocity and density data. (2). Neural Network model establishment and training. At this step, a PNN model is built up and trained. The training and validation error of trained PNN should be minimized. The trained PNN model includes the mathematical relation between synthetic impedance by well log data and seismic traces near well. (3). Calculation of impedance by applying the PNN model to seismic data volume. PNN inversion method takes full advantage of all the frequency components of well log data, and has good anti-interference ability. PNN inversion will not reduce resolution in inversion process, and there is no error accumulation. Final results of inversion are displayed in Figs. 3, 4, 5 and Table 1. Fig. 3. Cross plot of actual impedance and predicted impedance Fig. 4. Cross Validation Result of Inversion. Correlation=0.832, Average Error=546.55[(m/s)*(g/cc)] Fig. 5. Arbitrary line from inversed impedance data volume. Base map is shown in the figure lowerleft. Table 1 Numerical analysis of inversion at well locations 3.2 Seismic attributes selection by using multi-regression analysis Multi-regression analysis is a mathematical method which is used to analysis the relationship between one dependent variable and several independent variables (Hampson et al., 2001). The basic principle is that although there is no strict, deterministic functional relation between dependent variables and independent variables can try to find the most appropriate mathematical formula to express this relation. Multi-regression analysis can be used to solve the following problems: (1). Determine if there is correlation between certain variables. If it exists, find a suitable mathematical expression between them. (2). According to one or several variable values, predict the value of another variable, and calculate the forecast accuracy. (3). Factor analysis. For example, in the common effects of many variables for a variable, find out the most important factors, the secondary important factors, and the relationship between these factors. In the multi-regression analysis method, prediction error of N attributes is always less than or equal to N-1 attributes. Adding attributes means to use higher polynomial to fit curve. We can calculate the prediction error of each polynomial. This prediction error is equal to the root mean square error between real values and predicted values. With the increase of polynomial order, the prediction error decreases. But when we use overhigh order polynomial to fit curves, the existing data may fit well, but the interpolation or extrapolation over boundary would be fitting badly. This problem is called over-trained. In this study, the data would be divided into training data set and validation data set. The training data set is used to determine the correlation coefficient, and the validation data set is used to compute the validation error. If a high order polynomial fit the training data set well, but fit the validation data set badly. It means that the order of polynomial is too high. In this section, multi-regression analysis method is used to find the most suitable seismic attributes. As illustrated in Table 2, the training error gradually reduces with the increasing number of attributes, but when the number of attributes increases to four, validation error will rise. So, the best set of seismic attributes should contain three attributes that are the first three attributes in Table 2. The first three attributes are Inverted Impedance, Average Frequency and Filter 35/40-45/50. The most significant seismic attribute is Inverted impedance. Those attributes yield useful information about the lateral changes in lithology and porosity (Chopra and Marfurt, 2005). Furthermore, the training error for them is less than 3% that shows the exactness of results. It should be noted that PNN is a kind of nonlinear method, so the aforementioned attributes can be used as input for porosity prediction by PNN. (Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi et al., 2009) Table 2 The result of multi-regression analysis for porosity estimation 3.3 Porosity estimation using PNN The main purpose of this section is to establish an optimum PNN model. The inputs of this model are three selected attributes in the previous section. In order to highlight the advantages of Probabilistic Neural Network in porosity estimation, another four algorithms have been used. Another four algorithms are single attribute analysis, multi-regression analysis, Multi-layer Feed Forward Network (MLFN) and Radial Basis Function (RBF). The training and validation results are shown in Table 3. According to the results, PNN algorithm gives less training and validation error. As seen from Table 3, the correlation coefficient of training result could reach 0.915, which is considered as a high correlation coefficient. It is higher than multi-regression analysis method (the correlation coefficient of multi-regression analysis is 0.844) and other methods. According to the numerical validation results, PNN method for porosity estimation is more accurate than others in this case. In the final of this section, the analysis for creating an optimum PNN model was done (Table 3 and Fig.6). Table 3 The training and validation results of neural networks Fig. 6. Cross plot of predicted porosity versus actual porosity 4. Results and Discussion We have demonstrated the application of Probabilistic Neural Networkto reservoir porosity estimation from seismic attributes. Two mathematical tools have been used: multi-regression analysis and PNN method. In the section of seismic impedance inversion, a qualified inverted impedance data volume has been calculated (Fig.3). In the section of seismic attributes selection, multi-regression analysis has been used to find appropriate seismic attributes (the first three attributes of Table 2). Those seismic attributes come from 3D seismic data volume and inverted impedance data volume. The optimal model is built up by PNN with proper trend and minimization of error. We have demonstrated this methodology on a set of 8 wells log data. The correlation coefficient of training data set could reach 0.915, which is considered as a high correlation coefficient (Fig.6). The well W5 is not used in training. It is used to validate the result of porosity estimation. The correlation coefficient of validation result could reach 0.881, which means that this methodology is reliable. The estimated porosity of W5 is displayed in Fig.7. After the establishment of an optimum PNN model for porosity estimation, we apply this model to all seismic data volume. Then, a porosity data volume could be calculated (Figs.8, 9). In Fig.9, an ancient river could be seen in the rectangle with higher porosity than elsewhere in the region. This is consistent with the law of geology. which shows, from one aspect, that the Probabilistic Neural Network is a reliable tool for porosity estimation. This method is an effective way to create an acceptable porosity data volume. 5. Conclusions We have demonstrated that the estimation of reservoir porosity from seismic attributes and inversion impedance using PNN method. In this study, two mathematic tools have been used: multi-regression analysis and PNN method. At attributes selection stage of this study, three attributes have been selected. At the porosity estimation stage, a PNN model has been established and trained. The training and validation correlation coefficient between predicted porosity and actual porosity could reach 0.915 and 0.881, respectively. The profile of estimated porosity shows that porosity variation in vertical direction is approximately increasing from bottom to the top and can be verified at well locations. The results indicate that PNN is a reliable method for porosity estimation. And it has obvious advantages in estimation accuracy compared with conventional methods such as multi-regression analysis and Multi-layer Feed Forward Network. The proposed methodology can be used to estimate porosity from seismic data. This methodology could reduce drilling risks and improve the success rate of exploration at the early stage of reservoir exploration. And it also could provide an acceptable porosity data volume which could be used to build reservoir geological model at the stage of reservoir development.

A Detailed Commentary On Act 3 :: essays research papers

Write a detailed commentary on the extract taken from Act 3, Scene 4 When we read ‘King Lear’ for the first time we are presented, on the whole, with a pessimistic view of men and society. In other parts of the play Regan, Gonerill and Edmund define treachery, whereas the character of Kent creates a stark contrast, showing us a strong sense of loyalty by following and supporting Lear throughout his torment. Remembering that Kent was betrayed by Lear in the first scene of the play, this emphasises the goodness of Kent’s character. At the beginning of the extract Lear asks ‘Wilt break my heart?’ In response to this Kent declares ‘I had rather break mine own’. This is just one of many examples in the play where Kent is willing to take Lear’s suffering upon himself. Every time Kent enters we get a feeling of relief because he is there to fight evil, a personification of the rare goodness of mankind. Kent also shows his loyalty and steadfastness for his King in the way in which he tries to shelter him from th e storm. When Kent says that ‘The tyranny of the open night’s too rough for nature to endure’, he is really trying to make Lear think it is the storm that is to blame for his discomfort, although Kent is fully aware of the true reasons for Lear’s pain. In the play ‘King Lear’ grief reaches the utmost depths that any Shakespearean character has ever portrayed. In this particular extract the storm taking place on the heath symbolises and runs parallel with the storm in Lear’s soul. His mind is so wracked with the treachery of his two daughters that he actually finds comfort in nature’s cruel elements. This is conveyed when Lear says that the tempest… “…will not give me leave to ponder On things would hurt me more.'; No matter how much physical discomfort the storm inflicts, Lear feels that in comparison to his mental torment the storm is of little consequence: “This tempest in my mind Doth from my senses take all feeling else Save what beats there.'; At the beginning of the extract, Shakespeare uses Lear’s reference to the ‘contentious storm’ to show us the extent of his suffering. He tells us that the storm… “…invades us to the skin: so ‘tis to thee, But where the greater malady is fixed, The lesser is scarce felt.'; This reference to the word ‘contentious’ also gives us an insight into Lear’s state of mind.

Advertising in America Essay -- Advertisements Media Essays

Advertising in America (All need revisions in italics) Are advertising companies out of control now a days? Do they play on the average Americans fears about certain events in life to sell their products? Do they try to attack events that are one and a million to sell us useless things? Advertising companies use all of those tactics to sell things to the average everyday concerned American. This is especially evident in security systems, new cars, and also in equipment. This aspect of advertising is also apparent in commercials trying to stop Americans from buying things such as cigarettes and drugs. These advertising companies have been very successful in using this tactic to sell their goods. Security systems for homes have been a big seller thanks to this tactic used by advertising big shots. ADT is a leading security system seller who uses this in every commercial they make. The fear that they play on is the fear of being attacked in the middle of the night. They show a family in the quiet suburbs with a nice home in a nice neighborhood. They show a burglar trying to break into the home which is un-successful due to the alarm system in the home. It the shows the family being woken by the sound of the alarm followed by a call from the professionals at adt who monitor all the alarms. The person on the phone tells the family to remain calm and notifies them that authorities are on the way. This is a solid example of advertising playing on American fears. They target middle class families in the suburbs because they know that they have money to install them, and know that for the most part care about the safety of their families. Scare tactics such as this one, works for th e company who sells hundreds of thousands of sec... ... you buy drugs you may be supporting the enemy. This is a strong attack that appeals mainly to older teens who understand the war. These uses of advertising are being used more and more by companies. They realize that Americans are caring about more and more. Americans are becoming more and more concerned with issues such as saftey, beauty, and bronze. This opens many doors for companies to sell their products. In conclusion I believe advertising companies do use fear to sell their products. Along with believing that they use our fears to bleed us of money for absolutely useful things, I also believe that these companies are successful and will become more and more successful as more fears accumulate in the American consumers mind. Since the seller is also a consumer he or she knows exactly which fears to play which makes it a very successful advertising tactic.

Essay examples --

College Road Trip, a 2008 film directed by Roger Kumble and distributed by Walt Disney Studios, is based on Melanie Porter (Raven-Symonà ©), a college-bound student, and her father, Chicago police chief James Porter (Martin Lawrence), who cannot bear to let his daughter leave home. Melanie is ready to enter a new stage in her life. James, though, would rather she stay close to home by attending Northwestern University. Despite this, Melanie is offered an interview with her college of choice, Georgetown University, and plans immediately pack her bags. Melanie has no way to get to Georgetown until her friends invite her to join them on their college road trip. Her overprotective father insists on escorting her on their own trip instead. Throughout their trip, Melanie struggles to get along with her rigid father. She is sad that James is not interested in what she wants in life. After experiencing some car trouble, the family hitches a ride on a tour bus to James’ mother’ s house. On that ride, James finally listens to Melanie about her future goals. Later, Melanie runs into her friends, who invite her to spend the night in a sorority. Of course, James does not trust Melanie enough to be on her own, so he sneaks into the sorority and hides under the girls’ beds. There, he learns that Melanie is starting to trust him and feel that he understands her. The next morning, he is found in the sorority and is put in a local prison. Melanie is extremely upset at James and his inability to trust her. He finally realizes that she wants to be independent and free to make her own choices. The two agree to find any way they can to get a flight to Georgetown. They end up sky diving onto campus and making it just in time for her interview. After gettin... ...more flexible and open to change. Change within the family can be beneficial, for life is constantly changing outside the home. Making these adjustments will help the family become more balanced; it will improve the relationships between family members as each person learns to communicate effectively. Finally, the family members should continue to show appreciation, affection, and commitment to one another. If the family members spend time together, they should make sure it is enjoyable. Although the Porter family is going through a big change with Melanie leaving for college, it should continue to show support in times of stress and help with problems. The family will eventually be able to work out its differences reasonably. Family members will be able to trust each other, acknowledge each other’s independence, and encourage each other to follow their own dreams.

Night World : Dark Angel Chapter 10

â€Å"But only if you absolutely swear to me you didn't do it.† â€Å"Oh, how many times? I've been telling you all week I didn't. I never said a word to her. I swear.† The first voice, which sounded taut and a little unbalanced, was Tanya's. The second was Kim the Gymnast's. Despite her brave words, Kim sounded scared. (Angel? What's going on?) (Trouble.) â€Å"Okay,† Tanya's voice was saying. â€Å"Then this is your chance to prove it by helping me.† â€Å"Tan, look. Look. I'm sorry about you and David breaking up. But maybe it's not Gillian's fault-â€Å" â€Å"It's completely her fault. The stuff with Bruce was over. You know that. There was no reason for David to ever find out-until she opened her mouth. And as for how she found out-â€Å" â€Å"Not again!† Kim the Gymnast sounded ready to scream. â€Å"I didn't do it.† â€Å"All right. I believe you.† Tanya's voice was calmer. â€Å"So in that case there's no reason for us to fight. We've got to stick together. Hand me that brush, will you?† There was silence for a moment, and Gillian could imagine Tanya brushing her dark hair to a higher gloss, looking in a mirror approvingly. â€Å"So what are you going to do?† Kim's voice asked. â€Å"Get both of them. In a way, I hate him more. I promised he'd be sorry if he dumped me, and I always keep my promises.† Squashed between the heavy, swaying clothes on her right and left, Gillian had a wild and almost fatal impulse to giggle. She knew what was going on. It was just such a †¦ a sitcom situation that she had a hard time making herself believe in it. Here she was, listening to two people who were actually plotting against her. She was overhearing their plans to get her. It was†¦ absurd. Bad mystery novel stuff. And it was happening anyway. She made a feeble attempt to get back to reality, straightening up slightly. (Angel-people don't really do these revenge things. Right? They're just talking. And-I mean, I can't even believe I'm hearing all this. It's so †¦ so ridiculous†¦) (You're overhearing it because I brought you here. You have an invisible friend who can lead you to the right place at the right time. And you'd better believe that people carry out these â€Å"revenge things.† Tanya's never made a plan that she hasn't carried through.) (The future executive.) Gillian thought it faintly. (Future CEO. She's deadly serious, kid. And she's smart. She can make things happen.) Gillian no longer felt like giggling. When she pressed her ear against the wall again, it was clear she'd missed some of the conversation. â€Å"†¦ David first?† Kim the Gymnast was saying. â€Å"Because I know what to do with him. He wants to get into Ohio University, you know? He sent the application in October. It was already going to be a little hard because his grades aren't great, but he scored really high on the SATs. It was hard, but I'm going to make it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  There was a pause and Tanya's voice seemed to mellow and sweeten. â€Å"Absolutely impossible.† â€Å"How?† Kim sounded shaken. â€Å"By writing to the university. And to our principal and to Ms. Renquist, the English lit teacher, and to David's grandpa, who's supposed to be giving him money to go to college.† â€Å"But why? I mean, if you say something nasty, they'll just think it's sour grapes-â€Å" â€Å"I'm going to tell them he passed English lit last year by cheating. We had to turn in a term paper. But he didn't write the paper he turned in. It was bought. From a college guy in Philadelphia.† Kim's breath whooshed out so loudly that Gillian could hear it. â€Å"How do you know?† â€Å"Because I arranged it, of course. I wanted him to bring his grades up, to get into a university. To make something of himself. But of course he can never prove all that. He's the one that paid for it.† A silence. Then Kim said, with what sounded like forced lightness, â€Å"But, Tan, you could ruin his whole life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I know.† Tanya's voice was serene. Satisfied. â€Å"But†¦ well, what do you want me to do?† â€Å"Be ready to spread the word. That's what you do best, isn't it? I'll get the letters written by Monday. And then on Monday you can start telling people-because I want everyone to know. Prime that grapevine!† Tanya was laughing. â€Å"Okay. Sure. Consider it done.† Kim sounded more scared than ever. â€Å"Uh, look, I'd better get back downstairs now-can I use the brush a second?† â€Å"Here.† A clatter. â€Å"And, Kim? Be ready to help me with Gillian, too. I'll let you know what I've got in mind for her.† Kim said, â€Å"Sure,†-faintly. Then there were a few more clatters and the sound of a door rattling open and shut. Then silence. Gillian stood in the stuffy closet. She felt physically sick. As if she'd found something loathsome and slimy and unclean writhing under her bed. Tanya was crazy-and evil. Gillian had just seen into a mind utterly twisted with hatred. And smart. Angel had said it. (Angel, what do I do? She really means it, doesn't she? She's going to destroy him. And there isn't anything I can do about it.) (There may be something.) (She's not going to listen to reason. I know she's not. Nobody's going to be able to talk her out of it. And threats aren't any good-) (I said, there may be something you can do.) Gillian came back to herself. (What?) (It's a little complicated. And†¦ well, the truth is, you may not want to do it, kid.) (I would do anything for David.) Gillian's response was instant and absolute. Strange, how there were some things you were so sure of. (Okay. Well, hold that thought. I'll explain everything when we get home-which we should do fast. But first I want you to get something from that bathroom.) Gillian felt calm and alert, like a young soldier on her first mission in enemy territory. Angel had an idea. As long as she did exactly what Angel said, things were going to turn out all right. She went into the bathroom and followed Angel's instructions precisely without asking why. Then she went to get David to take her home from the party. â€Å"I'm ready. Now tell me what I can do.† Gillian was sitting on her bed, wearing the pajamas with little bears on them. It was well after midnight and the house was quiet and dark except for the lamp on her night stand. â€Å"You know, I think you are ready.† The voice was quiet and thoughtful-and outside her head. In the air about two feet away from the bed, a light began to grow. And then it was Angel, sitting lotus style, with his hands on his knees. Floating lotus style. He was about level with Gillian's bed and he was looking at her searchingly. His face was earnest and calm, and all around him was a pale, changing light like the aurora borealis. As always, Gillian felt a physical reaction at the first sight of him. A sort of shock. He was so beautiful, so unearthly, so unlike anyone else. And right now his eyes were more intense than she had ever seen them. It scared her a little, but she pushed that-and the physical reaction-away. She had to think of David. David, who'd so trustingly taken her home when she â€Å"got sick† an hour ago, and who right now had absolutely no idea what was in store for him on Monday. â€Å"Just tell me what to do,† she said to Angel. She was braced. She had no idea what it would take to stop Tanya, but it couldn't be anything pleasant-or legal. Didn't matter. She was ready. So Angel's words were something of a letdown. â€Å"You know you're special, don't you?† â€Å"Huh?† â€Å"You've always been special. And underneath, you've always known it.† Gillian wasn't sure what to say. Because it sounded terribly cliche-but it was true. She was special. She'd had a near-death experience. She'd come back with an angel. Surely only special people did that. And her popularity at school-everyone there certainly thought she was special. But her own inner feeling had started long before that, sometime in childhood. She'd just imagined that everybody felt that way†¦ that they were different from others, maybe better, but certainly different. â€Å"Well, everybody does feel that way, actually,† Angel said, and Gillian felt a little jolt. She always felt it when she suddenly remembered her thoughts weren't private anymore. Angel was going on. â€Å"But for you it happens to be true. Listen, what do you know about your great-grandma Elspeth?† â€Å"What?† Gillian was lost. â€Å"She's an old lady. And, um, she lives in England and always sends me Christmas presents†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She had a vague memory of a photograph showing a woman with white hair and white glasses, a tweed skirt and sensible shoes. The woman held a Pekingese in a little red jacket. â€Å"She grew up in England, but she was born American. She was only a year old when she was separated from her big sister Edith, who was raising her. It happened during World War One. Everyone thought she had no family, so she was given to an English couple to raise.† â€Å"Oh, really? How interesting.† Gillian was not only bewildered but exasperated. â€Å"But what on earth-â€Å" â€Å"Here's what it's got to do with David. Your great-grandma didn't grow up with her real sister, with her real family. If she had, she'd have known her real heritage. She'd have known†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Yes?† â€Å"That she was born a witch.† There was a long, long silence. It shouldn't have been so long. After the first second Gillian thought of things to say, but somehow she couldn't get them past the tightness of her throat. She ought to laugh. That was funny, the idea of Great-grandma, with her sensible shoes, being a witch. And besides, witches didn't exist. They were just stories- -like angels- -or examples of New Age grown-ups acting silly. â€Å"Angels,† Gillian gasped in a strangled voice. She was beginning to feel wild inside. As if rules were breaking loose. Because angels were true. She was looking at one. He was floating about two and a half feet off the floor. There was absolutely nothing under him and he could hear her thoughts and disappear and he was real. And if angels could be real†¦ Magic happens. She'd seen that on a bumper sticker somewhere. Now she clapped both hands to her mouth. There was something boiling up inside her and she wasn't sure if it was a scream or a giggle. â€Å"My great-grandma is a witch?† â€Å"Well, not exactly. She would be if she knew about her family. That's the key, you see-you have to know. Your great-grandma has the blood, and so does your grandma, and so does your mom. And so do you, Gillian. And now†¦ you know.† The last words were very gentle, very deliberate. As if Angel were delicately putting into place the last piece of a puzzle. Gillian's laughter had faded. She felt dizzy, as if she had unexpectedly come to the edge of a cliff and looked over. â€Å"I'm†¦ I've got the blood, too.† â€Å"Don't be afraid to say it. You're a witch.† â€Å"Angel†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Gillian's heart was beating very hard suddenly. Hard and slow. â€Å"Please †¦ I don't really understand any of this. And†¦ well, I'm not.† â€Å"A witch? You don't know how to be, yet. But as a matter of fact, kid, you're already showing the signs. Do you remember when that mirror broke in the downstairs bathroom?† â€Å"And when the window broke in the cafeteria. You asked me if I did those things. I didn't. You did. You were angry and you lashed out with your power†¦ but you didn't realize it.† â€Å"Oh, God,† Gillian whispered. â€Å"It's a frightening thing, that power. When you don't know how to use it, it can cause all kinds of damage. To other people-and to you. Oh, kid, don't you understand? Look at what's happened to your mother.† â€Å"What about my mother?† â€Å"She †¦ is †¦ a †¦ witch. A lost witch, like you. She's got powers, but she doesn't know how to channel them, she doesn't understand them, and they terrify her. When she started seeing visions-â€Å" â€Å"Visions!† Gillian sat straight up. It was as if a light had suddenly gone on in her head, illuminating five years of her life. â€Å"Yeah.† Angel's violet eyes were steady, his face grim. â€Å"The hallucinations came before the drinking, not after. And they were psychic visions, images of things that were going to happen, or that might have happened, or that happened a long time ago. But of course she didn't understand that.† â€Å"Oh, God. Oh, my God.† Electricity was running up and down Gillian's body, setting her whole skin tingling. Tears stung in her eyes-not tears of sadness, but of pure, shocking revelation. â€Å"That's it. That's it. Oh, God, we've got to help her. We've got to tell her-â€Å" â€Å"I agree. But first we have to get you under control. And it's not exactly a thing you can just spring on her without any warning. You could do more harm than good that way. We've got to build up to it.† â€Å"Yes. Yes, I see that. You're right.† Gillian blinked rapidly. She tried to calm her breathing, to think. â€Å"And just at the moment, she's stable. A little depressed, but stable. She'll wait until after Monday. But Tanya won't.† â€Å"Tanya?† Gillian had nearly forgotten the original discussion. â€Å"Oh, yeah, Tanya. Tanya.† David, she thought. â€Å"There is something very practical you can do about Tanya-now that you know what you are.† â€Å"Yes. All right.† Gillian wet her lips. â€Å"Do you think Dad will come back if Mom realizes what she is and gets it all together?† â€Å"I think there's a good possibility. But listen to me. To take care of Tanya-â€Å" â€Å"Angel.† A slow coil of anxiety was unrolling in Gillian's stomach. â€Å"Now that I think about it †¦ I mean, aren't witches bad? Shouldn't you-well, disapprove of this?† Angel put his golden head in his hands. â€Å"If I thought it was bad would I be here guiding you through it?† Gillian almost laughed. It was so incongruous- the pale northern lights aura around him and the sound of him talking through clenched teeth. Then a thought struck her. She spoke hesitantly and wonderingly. â€Å"Did you come here to guide me through it?† He lifted his head and looked at her with those unearthly eyes. â€Å"What do you think?† Gillian thought that the world wasn't exactly what she had thought. And neither were angels. The next morning she stood and looked at herself in the mirror. She'd done this after Angel had first come to her and made her cut her hair-she'd wanted to look at her new self. Now she wanted to look at Gillian the witch. There wasn't anything overtly different about her. But now that she knew she seemed to see things she hadn't noticed before. Something in the eyes-some ancient glimmer of knowledge in their depths. Something elfin in the face, in the slant of the cheekbones. A remnant of faery. â€Å"Stop gazing and come shopping,† Angel said, and light coalesced beside her. â€Å"Right,† Gillian said soberly. Then she tried to wiggle her nose. Downstairs, she borrowed the keys to her mother's station wagon and bundled up. It was an icy-fresh day and the whole world sparkled under a light dusting of new snow. The air filled Gillian's lungs like some strange potion. (I feel very witchy.) She backed the car out. (Now where do we go? Houghton?) (Hardly. This isn't the kind of shopping you do at a mall. Northward, ho! We're going to Woodbridge.) Gillian tried to remember Woodbridge. It was a little town like Somerset-but smaller. She'd undoubtedly driven through it at some point in her life. (We need to go shopping in Woodbridge to take care of Tanya?) (Just drive, dragonfly.) Woodbridge's main street ended in a town square bordered by dozens of decorated trees. The stores were trimmed with Christmas lights. It was a postcard scene. (Okay. Park here.) Gillian followed Angel's directions and found herself in the Woodbridge Five and Ten, an old-style variety store, complete with creaking wooden floorboards. She had the terrifying feeling that time had gone back about fifty years. The aisles were tight and the shelves were jammed with baskets full of goods. There was a musty smell. Beyond asking questions, she stared dreamily at a jar of penny candy. (Head on to the back. All the way. Open that door and go through to the back room.) Gillian nervously opened the rickety door and peered into the room beyond. But it was just another store. It had an even stranger smell, partly delicious, partly medicinal, and it was rather dimly lit. â€Å"Uh, hello?† she said, in response to Angel's urging. And then she noticed movement behind a counter. A girl was sitting there. She was maybe nineteen and had dark brown hair and an interesting face. It was quite ordinary in shape and structure-a country girl sort of face-but the eyes were unusually vivid and intense. â€Å"Um, do you mind if I look around?† Gillian said, again in response to Angel. â€Å"Go right ahead,† the girl said. â€Å"I'm Melusine.† She watched with a perfectly friendly and open curiosity as Gillian moseyed around the shelves, trying to look as if she knew what she was looking for. Everything she saw was strange and unfamiliar-rocks and herby-looking things and different colored candles. (It's not here.) Angel's voice was resigned. (We're going to have to ask her.) â€Å"Excuse me,† Gillian said a moment later, approaching the girl diffidently from the other side. â€Å"But do you have any Dragon's Blood? The-activated kind?† The girl's face changed. She looked at Gillian very sharply. Then she said, â€Å"I'm afraid I've never heard of anything like that. And I wonder what makes you ask.† Gooseflesh blossomed on Gillian's arms. She had the sudden, distinct feeling that she was in danger.

Chilean Mine Collasps

Chilean exploit cotton on BCOM/275 Chilean Mine Collapse In Chile, on grand 5, 2010, a collapse inside a main(prenominal) access tunnel of a exploit detain 33 taprs inside (Parry & Retther, 2010). The exploitrs were confine at a depth of at least 700 meters (Weik, 2010). There were 32 Chileans custody and one Bolivian man trapped in the old gold and coppers mine (Parry & Retther, 2010). The miners estimated that they would not be hand overd for quadruplet months. The miners had to receive emergency food and supplies by dint of a bore hole. Around 2 p. m. , Raul Villegas had just finished filling the transport with leanings when he heard a loud crack (Yang 2013).Being at least 700 meters beneath the surface with dust filling the hollow out did not affect Villegas because the sounds of collapsing rocks and the dissatisfaction of the earth was something that Villegas was utilise to hearing. Villegas proceeded to do his job as he passed a fellow miner click Lobos, in which he was walking put trim the mine to get some workforce for lunch (Yang, 2013). As Villegas proceeded closer to the surface, soggy grime overtook the truck enclosing him in dirt and gloom. As he began to obtain the surface in that respect was a big collapse (Yang, 2013). After the collapse, Villegas rushed from the mine onto the surface.After this incident occurred Villegas reported it to the supervisor, but it took hours later onwards he would notify governing (Yang, 2013). Upon being trapped in a mine the 33 workers were anonymous because there were a bunch of the miners trying to withdraw a living shaving past at the rocks. A century agone miners that were trapped were considered a incapacitated cause. If the mine was caved in then the miners would hammer crosses into the ground. Because of this surmise miners in the bea started placing wooden crosses outside(a) the entrance. For the saving team, leaving the 33 miners to pass away in that pit-hole was not a guess (Yang, 2013).Villegas and other miner workers was sent down the mine but afterwards get 400 meters, they realized that the ramp that was erst there is now gone. Around 700,000 gobs of rocks and more than six times that bulge out of the solid concrete that distorted in the mine, which cut off slopes and destroyed the mines form circulation shaft. They later discovered that a step ladder was lost from that ventilation shaft that could crap permitted the miners to freedom. Several hours after the collapse The Atacama personas six-person special tasks crisis force was called to the mine which they entered around 9 p. . (Yang, 2013). On a Saturday, two months after a rock collapsed and sealed the Mina San Jose, a saving hole was competed for the miners. Almost once either half hour, a man climbed into a cage nearly a half-mile undercover and made a trip upward. They monitored the miners on video for any sign of consternation and they were aided by oxygen masks, specs to protect their eyes from light and sweaters for the modality from heat to chill air (Yang, 2013). Considerations to think about given the different single-valued functions and people atomic number 18 rattling important, considering the people that were alter by this incident.Both the business and the family were affected by this misadventure because the company already established a bad reputation from the recent deaths that occurred. The family members were affected because they did not know if there get it on ones would make it out alive or not. In order for the company to keep in business there role was to recuse these men as apace as possible, whereas the family role was to keep faith (Yang, 2013). The potence needs of the family member would represent of sympathy and impudence.When the family receives the mental object that their love ones are trapped in a mine they need assurance that they will do everything in their power to save them. The potential needs of the companys employees when receiving the message is the assurance that there would be another(prenominal) job for them to support their families, also the assurance that they will save their fellow miners (Yang, 2013). In conclusion, the action that the writer would take before and after the message is delivered is to intake the speckle so there would be no surprises. The writer would also hope for the trump and let the information soak in before reacting.The Chilean Miners are very strong men and they never lost their faith. They had to eat less, drink less and express less in order to survive. directly these men has celebrated birthdays and enjoyed their life without look back. References Parry, W. , & Retther, R. (2010, August). Facts about the Amazing Survival Story. Retrieved from http//www. livescience. com Weik, J. (2010, August 6). everywhere 30 workers trapped after Chilean copper mine collapse. Over 30 workers trapped after Chilean copper mine collapse, 4(224), 1-2. Yang, J. (2013, March). From collapse to rescue Inside the Chile Mine disaster. Retrieved from http//www. thestrar. com